Momordica charantia

Bitter melon aids in the improvement of the pancreas's function by activating pancreatic β cells. This causes the production of insulin to rise and the expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor-1 (Pdx1) genes to rise.

Another study indicates that the bitter gourd'melon' has the ability to induce GLP-1 and insulin production. Additionally, it has been found that the hypoglycemic impact of the BM may be reversed by using a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. A protein in bitter melon can lower blood sugar and raise insulin levels by working as both an insulin secretagogue and an insulinomimetic agent. A link has been found between BM effects and the activities of T-helper 2 cells, which have anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressing properties.

Researchers have also looked into other ways that bitter melon helps prevent diabetes, mainly how changes in the microbiota in the gut can lead to type 2 diabetes. Bitter melon has been found to enhance the diabetic condition, which can be attributed to its high concentration of dietary fiber, particularly pectin, a type of soluble fiber found in fresh fruit. This fiber has the ability to control the balance of microorganisms in the intestines and enhance the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestines, as well as promote the excretion of cholesterol in feces. This ultimately strengthens the antidiabetic action of bitter melon. A recent study has shown that bitter melon preparation can modify the composition of certain bacterial flora and impact the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and the immune response in the intestinal mucosa. This, in turn, can regulate inflammation levels and ultimately alleviate insulin resistance and diabetes in diabetics. The mechanism is referred to as the "Bacteria-Mucosal Immunity-Inflammation-Diabetes Axis," which presents a promising avenue for further investigation.

Turmeric has a long history of usage in traditional Indian and South Asian medicine, spanning around 2000 years. It is widely acknowledged as a safe component in food. Turmeric's bright orange color comes from the active compound curcumin, which has many health benefits, including reducing inflammation and cancer, protecting against DNA damage, fighting bacteria, boosting the immune system, and stopping and treating cancer. Curcumin, a powerful anti-inflammatory compound, is widely acknowledged for its ability to eliminate reactive oxygen radicals, which are associated with inflammation. Curcumin is thought to play a role in reducing the effects of chronic diseases by controlling powerful signaling molecules and enzymes. 

Jujube has been planted in China since ancient times and is claimed to have been farmed for the past 5000 years. Jujube is renowned as a traditional and functional Chinese cuisine due to its abundance of health benefits, including 23 types of amino acids that are not commonly found in other fruits.

The primary minerals found in jujube are

phosphorus

potassium

calcium

manganese

In addition, significant quantities of

sodium

zinc

copper

iron 

Additionally, it contains vitamin C, riboflavin, and thiamine. The utilization of jujube in conjunction with other therapeutic herbs and fruits has been employed securely and efficiently in traditional Chinese medicine for numerous indications for an extended period of time.
Chinese jujubes are highly abundant in ascorbic acid, often known as vitamin C, which is essential for the absorption of iron. A study has discovered that jujube fruit, particularly when dried and powdered, has the potential to be used as a fortifying and hydrocolloid ingredient in various goods due to its significant carbohydrate content. This finding suggests that further research should be conducted to explore its potential applications.
Additionally, it has been discovered that this fruit is highly nutritious, containing significant amounts of flavonoids, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2. As a result, it can be classified as a functional food, meaning it has both nutritional and therapeutic properties.

Jujube has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for an extensive period of time due to its diverse range of health advantages, including its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, gastrointertinal-protecting, anti-oxidant, anti-insomnia, and neuroprotective properties. According to Mill Goetz's study, the fruits and seeds of Jujuba are utilized in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine for their purported ability to reduce stress.